← 随想

NO. 011 · 随想 · 2026-09-24

黑箱之内

世界也像 AI 模型一样,成了一个黑箱。

两天前,我正在做一张信息图,对比两个AI模型,做到一半,又多了两个。Anthropic刚发布了Claude Opus 5.5,说它在大多数任务上,都能达到自家旗舰Fable 5.1的水平,而Fable 5.1推出才三周。不到两个小时,OpenAI就推出了GPT-6 Sol和Luna,开发者使用的价格只有上一代的一半。

算下来,三周之内共有七次重要发布。其中有Meta的Muse,这个app能替你订行程、填表格;也有TypeSafe的Jev,不跟你聊天,直接把决定交给你。Grok 4.7比Opus早一天上线。埃隆·马斯克曾说它再过十天就会推出,那已经是大约三周前的事了。

有一种感觉跟了我两三年,至今我也说不清它是什么。我很喜欢用AI做东西,以前做不出来的,有了它也做得出来。可东西做出来以后,我就卡住了,想不出怎样才能让人发现它。接着又一个模型发布了,我就会想,手上这个还没上线的东西,是这一回就白做了,还是等下一回才白做。每一次这样的发布,也都有上班的人在想,这回是不是冲着自己的饭碗来的。

除了这些,还有别的事一层层压上来:政治和战争,一条帖子就能让市场大起大落,科技大佬公开决裂,上一条头条还没消化完,下一条又到了……到最后,这些事搅在一起,理不出头绪。我开始觉得,世界也像AI模型一样,成了一个黑箱;有些日子,我连问题从哪儿开始都说不清。

这两三年,变化都是一次发布接着一次发布地来,还消化得过来。九月却像按下了快进键,把这些年的变化一口气放了一遍:我那张对比图还没做完,新模型又来了。

一场竞猜

说起黑箱,最出名的要数AI模型。2025年,Anthropic的CEO达里奥·阿莫迪写道,圈外人“得知我们并不理解自己造出来的AI是怎么运作的,常常既惊讶又不安”。

另一个黑箱,就是这个世界。我的感觉是,它已经大到谁都看不过来了,玩家从没这么多过,彼此牵动的方式也比以前多。不过放到历史里看,这话并不全对。早在有AI之前,经济学家哈耶克就说过,从来没有谁理解过整个经济,因为经济运转靠的那些知识,“从来不以集中或整合的形式存在”。

我倒觉得,世界大不大还在其次,更要紧的是,世界会对预测有反应。天气预报改变不了天气,所以模型越好,预报就越准。人就不一样了,你预测他,他就会改变做法。假如某个模型说一只股票明天会大涨,人人都信了,那大家今天就会买进,大涨也就在今天发生了,预测就这样把自己推翻了。也有些预测会自己应验。只要告诉足够多的人某家银行要出事,大家就会去挤兑,直到它真的出事为止。不管哪一种,AI再好,也未必能让这样的世界更好懂,因为预测的对象自己会有反应,预测得更准,也只是让人更早照着去做。

凯恩斯拿报纸上的一种选美比赛打过比方,说的就是这个循环。读者要从一百张照片里挑出最漂亮的六张脸,谁挑的跟大家的平均选择最接近,奖就归谁。想赢,就得猜别人会怎么猜。可别人也都在这么猜,所以用凯恩斯的话说,你最后是在动用自己的智力,去“预料一般意见认为一般意见会是什么”。这样的游戏里,事实能解释的东西少得出奇。我用事实一步步推演,却总觉得徒劳,原因也许就在这里。

我一直感觉到的那个黑箱,大半就是这个。每个人都在猜别人会怎么猜,再照着猜的去做,而每猜一次,被猜的那件事又跟着变了。AI竞赛就是这样运转的。九月,阿莫迪发了一篇文章,叫《我们必须控制前沿AI的节奏》(We Must Pace the Frontier),谈到AI的风险,他警告说,“商业利益推动下的逐底竞争,可能让这些风险更加严重”。文章提议各家公司协商一致,共同为速度设限。Anthropic说,Opus 5.5是那篇文章之后他们的第一次发布,而OpenAI的两个模型不到两个小时就跟了上来。连一家主张放慢竞赛的实验室,也要大家一起慢下来才行,因为它料得到,别人一旦领先,会拿这份领先去做什么。

我怀疑,谈放慢的那些话,很多是为了把竞争对手挡在门外。2023年3月,马斯克签了一封公开信,呼吁各家AI实验室至少停六个月,先别训练任何比GPT-4更强的系统。那个月早些时候,他刚注册成立了xAI,后来做出Grok的就是这家公司。这种做法比AI早得多。美国有些地方立过法,让酒吧和卖酒的商店周日关门,支持这种法律的有两类人:一类是浸信会教徒(基督教新教的一支),出于道德;一类是私酒贩子,因为这样一来,周日的生意就全归他们了。经济学家布鲁斯·扬德尔把这叫作“私酒贩子与浸信会教徒”,而且,一个人完全可以两头都占。

不过我证明不了,原因就是这场竞赛。有的CEO是真心想放慢,只是光自己一家慢不下来;有的CEO是出于算计,想让对手慢下来。两种人说的话听起来差不多,在这期间也都照样发布新模型。所以得看他们做了什么,可就算看他们做的,大部分也是这场竞赛逼着人人都得做的。2026年第二季度,OpenAI和Anthropic在华盛顿游说花的钱都创了纪录,这种事哪一种CEO都会做。真正说明问题的,只有出于算计的人不肯做的事:许下一个承诺,让公司真金白银地付出代价,而且一守就是好几年。拿这个标准去看阿莫迪的文章,我会盯住其中一步:Anthropic说,这一步它不等别人同意,自己先走。要是几年以后,这一步还在让他们吃点亏,那会比那篇文章更说明问题。

凯恩斯的选美比赛已经是90年前的事了。那么,现在玩家有多少,又都是谁呢?三年前的模型,大多是你发提示词,它才回话。如今,按Meta的说法,Muse“在人们关掉app之后还会继续工作”,Jev给你的决定,还带着概率。我们都想预测的那些玩家里,现在有一些是AI系统,而照阿莫迪自己的说法,这种系统谁也没有完全弄懂。这是我在哈耶克的世界里找不到的部分,所以我还是觉得这次不一样——在市场上,这五个字向来前科累累。

最糟的,也许是不确定本身。伦敦大学学院的研究者让人翻开虚拟的石头,石头底下有时藏着一条蛇,翻到蛇,就要挨一下很疼的电击。概率在五五开上下时,他们的压力最大,比明知一定会挨电击还要大。预测一做出来,马上就有人照着去做,这样的世界里,剩下的多半是谁也说不准会往哪边倒的事,也就是那项实验里最让人难熬的那种不确定。

凯恩斯还写过一句:“世俗的智慧告诉我们,就名声而言,按常规失败,要好过不按常规成功。”跟所有人一起错,大家会原谅,一个人单独错了,就得不到这份宽容。我觉得,我们说的FOMO(错失恐惧),很大一部分就是怕自己成了那个猜得跟别人不一样的人。IBM在2025年做过调查,将近三分之二的CEO承认,因为怕落后,有些技术他们还没弄清能带来什么价值,就先投了钱。为了不落后而竞相押同一注的人越多,结果就越由人群决定。

今天买不到的东西

前面那个股票预测会自己推翻自己,只是因为那只股票今天就买得到。市场以外没有行情可盯,但照着抄,跟那些人提前买进是一回事。凡是能很快做出来的东西,看到机会的人都会去做,价值几乎刚一出现,就在竞争中耗尽了。AI还在不停地把东西往这一类里推。一个能用的app、够发一个月的帖子,现在一个下午就能做完。TypeSafe的价目表上,Jev的产出写的是“免费(便宜到不值得计费)”。

战略学教授英格玛·迪里克斯和卡雷尔·库尔写过一篇讲竞争优势的论文,里面讲了个故事。有个美国人去拜访一位英国勋爵,问他那片草坪怎样打理得这么漂亮。勋爵一样样数给他听:土壤、草籽、肥料、每天浇水、每周修剪。美国人一路听,一路说没问题。“是啊,”勋爵说,“一点也不难,照这样坚持五百年就行。”

他们给这个现象起的名字叫“时间压缩不经济 (time compression diseconomies)”。意思是,花一半的时间干两倍的活,得不到同样的结果。名声、信任你的受众、合作多年的老客户、一份过往记录,都只能慢慢攒,出多少钱也没法一个下午就建起来。就算分毫不差地预测到信任会很重要,也没人能因此抢先一步,因为建立信任只有一个办法,就是一年一年地把时间花进去。

放大到整个经济,也有慢的部分。机器进步得比人快得多,斯坦福经济学家查德·琼斯和克里斯托弗·托内蒂的研究表明,过去的生产率增长,大部分来自把更多原本由人做的活交给机器。可就算大部分活都自动化了,剩下那些还得靠人做的,照样拖着其余部分的后腿。琼斯把经济比作一条链子,“强度只取决于最弱的那一环”。他们的数据里,算力呈爆炸式增长,可从2000年起,美国企业收入里花在计算机上的比例反而降了,从大约4.3%降到3.0%。要是AI让工作里快的那部分变得几乎免费,价值就会挪到慢的那部分去。整体能产出多少,由慢的部分封顶,到头来,整体花的钱也大多落在慢的部分上。

做东西变容易了,被人看见变难了,这两件事我一直分开看,其实是同一件事。注意力是快不起来的。人一天能拿来看东西的,还是只有那么几个小时。人人都能做东西了,人人就都在抢着为这几个小时出价。

帖子一条接一条地说,渠道是新的护城河。我信,问题就出在这儿。人人都认同的护城河,早就算进价格里了,就像那只大家提前一天就买进的股票。大家拿着一模一样的工具,竞相争夺渠道,最先泛滥的是谁都能抄的那部分,比如AI一次就能生成的成千上万条帖子和群发推销邮件。能保住价值的,是谁也没法很快抄走的那部分:那些早已信任你的人。这份信任,是你一次次为他们出现,日子久了才攒下来的。(我也清楚,写这么长一篇文章,本身就是我在那部分上下的功夫。)

我从中得出一个检验:不管做什么,都问一句,这里面哪一部分,下个月的模型会免费做掉?拿我自己的项目一试,最先过不了关的,是那些临时拼凑的变通办法,较新的模型现在自己就能解决。过得了关的东西更小,也更慢,比如我对某个具体问题很熟悉,那是跟它打了很长时间交道换来的。

没有什么会一直慢

把慢的东西变快,本来就是这项技术的用处。琼斯写道(利益相关:他接了Anthropic的一份工作,2026年年中入职),如果AI“最终把经济中几乎所有的薄弱环节都自动化掉”,经济年增速可能超过5%。他还提到,150年来,美国人均收入一直稳定地每年增长2%。Anthropic说,有位测试者用Opus 5.5不到一天就迁移完了68万行代码,换成一个工程团队,原本得干上好几周。核查几乎是任何工作里最慢的环节之一,而智能体已经能做大量核查了。让智能体替你挑酒店,它能把每条评论读完、每个价格比完,比你自己快得多,过去要靠酒店名声起的作用,现在很大一部分由它承担了。

每次发布都会挪动答案,所以那道检验题,每回都得重新问一遍。我怀疑,被某次发布整个吞没的产品,大多押在了同一类东西上,起步时还慢,等模型追上来,已经快了。每次有新发布,我怕的正是这个。所以更准确的规则是,价值会流向那些暂时还快不起来的东西。

猜快和慢之间那条线下一步会挪到哪儿,本身也是一场竞猜。大家都在推测AI将来做不到什么,答案都集中在少数几处,比如品味、判断力、信任和人际关系。人人都认可的安全地带,名字一叫出来就会挤满人,渠道当初就是这样。

公司也在猜这条线会落在哪儿,而“会被取代”这种担心,也许正是会自己应验的那种预测。2026年年中的一项调查里,英国的企业高管说,到目前为止,AI让自家公司的生产率提高了不到1%,可他们预计未来三年还会再提高将近3%,员工人数会减少1%以上。要是企业凭着还没到手的收益就先裁员,而收益最后又比预想的小,那人们害怕的那种取代,就有一部分是预测本身造出来的。

不管模型变得多好,有没有什么东西会一直慢下去?

承诺

我想象不出哪个模型能让未来来得更快。智能体核查眼前的事越来越快,比如代码能不能跑、引文是不是真有出处,可未来还没来,谁也没法提前去查它,人不行,机器也不行。信任一个人,就是在赌对方以后会怎么做,赌东西坏了对方会来修,明年人还在。依据多半是一份说到做到的记录,再加上一个你能找上门、要他兑现的人,而记录这东西,该攒多久就得攒多久。智能体读一家酒店的全部记录,比你快得多,却没法替这份记录多攒出一天。今天人人都能同意信任很重要,可再怎么一致同意,也同意不出一份五年信守承诺的记录,就像那个美国人催不快勋爵的草坪。这些都保证不了有人会为这样一份记录付钱,只保证了谁也没法很快造出一份来。

哲学家汉娜·阿伦特讲过,人类事务之所以难以预料,有两个根源。一个是“人根本上的不可靠,他们永远无法在今天担保自己明天会是谁”。另一个是,人人都能行动的时候,谁也预见不了任何行动会引出什么,这又回到了凯恩斯的比赛。她给这两者开的药方,是“作出承诺和信守承诺的能力”,这种能力能在“不确定性的海洋”里立起“安全的岛屿”,而“未来按其定义,就是这样一片海洋”。

阿伦特的岛屿,是那些慢的部分。黑箱,就是我们在互相预测。能让我们停下来的地方不多,守住的承诺算一处。

承诺需要有人到时候还在,能去兑现它,别人也能找他兑现。照九月这个速度,再顶尖的模型也可能几周就过时,而谁也没法找模型兑现任何事,所以用AI做的东西出了问题,失信的是某个人。有个公开的数据库,专门收录一类法院裁决:诉讼文件里出现了AI编造的内容,大多是假引用。库里列了2000多起案子,几乎每一起里,向法院交代的都是律师,或者自行出庭的当事人。

至于上班的人,剩下的那个慢的部分,也许就是对结果负责。起草如今确实快了,可你能署名的,只有自己弄懂了、懂到能替它辩护的东西。跳过这一步会怎样,那两千起案子已经给出了答案。

保得住价值的,如果是守住的承诺,可你说一个产品能做到什么,这话下一次发布就可能作废,那谁还能承诺什么?阿伦特认为,承诺只有在还是一座座岛屿的时候才管用,一旦撑大到要“覆盖未来的全部地带”,就会失去约束力。我能诚实许下的承诺,只有慢的那一种——以后我还在,我做的东西,我来修。只是我还不知道,一个能免费用上下个月模型的人,会不会觉得这份承诺还有什么价值。


Sources and notes

Launches. Anthropic, Claude Fable 5.1 and Mythos 5.1 (Sept 1, 2026) and Claude Opus 5.5 (Sept 22), which calls Opus 5.5 “the new leading model” and “our first release since we called for pacing the frontier,” and is the source of the 680,000-line migration. GPT-6 Sol and Luna (Sept 22): SiliconANGLE says OpenAI released them “minutes later” and “halved the price of both new models against the GPT-5.6 versions that carried the same names”; TechCrunch puts the gap at about 90 minutes. OpenAI’s announcement on its Developer Community forum cites “50% lower API prices for Sol and Luna compared with GPT‑5.6 promotional pricing.” GPT-6 Astra (Sept 3) is the seventh launch, dated by SiliconANGLE. SpaceXAI (formerly xAI), Grok 4.7 (Sept 21); Musk’s timeline as reported by Decrypt via Yahoo Tech. Meta, Introducing Muse (Sept 8). TypeSafe AI, Introducing System One Models & Jev (Sept 15), including the price list. Performance and price claims are the companies’ own.

Opacity. Dario Amodei, “The Urgency of Interpretability” (April 2025).

Hayek. F. A. Hayek, “The Use of Knowledge in Society”, American Economic Review 35(4), 1945.

Forecasts that change what they forecast. Machine-learning researchers call this performative prediction. Juan Perdomo, Tijana Zrnic, Celestine Mendler-Dünner and Moritz Hardt, “Performative Prediction”, ICML 2020: “When predictions support decisions they may influence the outcome they aim to predict.” Moritz Hardt and Celestine Mendler-Dünner, “Performative Prediction: Past and Future” (2023, revised May 2025, to appear in Statistical Science): “Predictions in the social world generally influence the target of prediction,” with self-fulfilling and self-negating predictions as examples. The stock and bank-run examples are standard illustrations.

The beauty contest. J. M. Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), chapter 12, the source of both Keynes quotes.

Pacing. Dario Amodei, “We Must Pace the Frontier” (September 2026). It proposes a first step Anthropic takes on its own (embedded evaluators), then coordination among companies in democratic countries, then global coordination.

The pause letter and xAI. Future of Life Institute, “Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter” (March 22, 2023), which Musk signed. X.AI Corp was incorporated in Nevada on March 9, 2023, as Forbes reported from state filings; SpaceX acquired it in 2026 and renamed it SpaceXAI.

Lobbying. Luke Fountain, “OpenAI, Anthropic boost lobbying as legacy tech and defense spending slips”, CNBC (July 21, 2026), from federal lobbying disclosures: $3.17 million combined in the second quarter of 2026, a record for both companies (Anthropic $1.97 million, OpenAI $1.2 million).

Bootleggers and Baptists. Bruce Yandle, “Bootleggers and Baptists: The Education of a Regulatory Economist”, Regulation 7(3), May/June 1983. Applying it to AI labs, and the point that sincere and cynical players act alike in a race, are my reading.

“This time is different.” The phrase’s record is the subject of Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff, This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly (Princeton University Press, 2009), on the “this-time-is-different syndrome” that recurs before financial crises.

Uncertainty and stress. de Berker and colleagues, “Computations of uncertainty mediate acute stress responses in humans”, Nature Communications 7 (2016).

FOMO, in a survey. IBM Institute for Business Value, 2025 CEO Study (with Oxford Economics; 2,000 CEOs in 33 countries, February–April 2025): “64% of CEOs surveyed acknowledge that the risk of falling behind drives investment in some technologies before they have a clear understanding of the value they bring to the organization.” It is a self-reported survey.

Time compression. Ingemar Dierickx and Karel Cool, “Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage”, Management Science 35(12), 1989. Applying it to trust and audiences is my extension.

Weak links. Charles I. Jones and Christopher Tonetti, “Past Automation and Future A.I.: How Weak Links Tame the Growth Explosion” (working paper, version 0.5, May 2026): “Even when most tasks are automated by rapidly-improving capital, output is constrained by the tasks performed by slowly-improving labor.” The computer share of income is their Figure 2, from Bureau of Labor Statistics data on the private business sector: it rose from about 3.7% to 4.3% in the late 1990s and fell to 3.0% after 2000. Charles I. Jones, “AI and Our Economic Future”, Journal of Economic Perspectives 40(3), Summer 2026, is the source of the weakest-link comparison, the 5% scenario and the 2% figure. Disclosure: the article notes that after it was completed, Anthropic contacted Jones about joining the company, and that from June 30, 2026 he would be on leave from Stanford and the NBER, “working at Anthropic as a paid employee.” Linking weak links to where value goes is my reading.

Executives’ expectations. Yotzov, Barrero, Bloom and coauthors, Firm Data on AI (working paper, 2026), with UK figures from the authors’ July 2026 World Bank presentation of the May–June 2026 Decision Maker Panel: 0.6% higher productivity so far, 2.7% more expected over the next three years, and 1.3% lower employment. These are executives’ own estimates, cumulative over three years, with productivity measured as sales volume per employee.

Promises. Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (1958; 2nd ed. 1998), chapter V, pp. 237 and 244.

Court cases. Damien Charlotin, AI Hallucination Cases Database: 2,077 decisions as of Sept 23, 2026, in cases where generative AI “produced hallucinated content – typically fake citations.” Its filter lists 1,196 involving self-represented litigants and 825 involving lawyers.

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Yotzov, I., Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., Bunn, P., Davis, S. J., Foster, K. M., Jalca, A., Meyer, B. H., Mizen, P., Navarrete, M. A., Smietanka, P., Thwaites, G., & Wang, B. Z. (2026a). Firm data on AI (Working Paper 2026-3). Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. https://www.atlantafed.org/research-and-data/publications/working-papers/2026/03/24/03-firm-data-on-ai

Yotzov, I., Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., Bunn, P., Davis, S. J., Foster, K. M., Jalca, A., Meyer, B. H., Mizen, P., Navarrete, M. A., Smietanka, P., Thwaites, G., & Wang, B. Z. (2026b, July 7). Firm data on AI [Presentation slides]. ECA Talk, World Bank. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/b903ff39ad0d4337d085f1c70106c125-0080062026/original/slides-ecatalk-firmdataai-july2026.pdf

文中提到的 AI 创作和检查流程,可以看看我做的 Agent Skills。